Migrants in Chinese Cities Weiping Wu Professor Urban and Environmental Policy & Planning Tufts University
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Conceptualizing China China’’s migrants
Separate urban and rural systems for ◦ Property rights ◦ Health care ◦ Welfare
New developmental state – willing to break with previous policy of strict control Precarious position of migrants – their labor is desired but their presence unwanted Two kinds of citizenshipp ((urban and rural))
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Migrant ffeeatur atures es
200-250 million – primarily from rural to urban areas, and involves circular movements 70 ppercent is short-distance migration g (within province), and much inter-provincial migration originates from central and western regions and flows to coastal region. Concentrated among most economically active group (between the age of 15 and 34) – male migrants outnumber females (2 to 1)
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nter--pr pro flows1995Inter ovincial flows1995 ws1995-2000 (Sourcce: Fan 2005) (Sour
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. "Prominent Interprovincial Net Migration Flows, 1995–2000." Source: Figure 7 in Fan, C. C. "Interprovincial Migration, Population Redistribution, and Regional Development in China: 1990 and 2000 Census Comparisons." The Professional Geographer 57, no. 2 (2005): 295-311.
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Migrant housing and settlement Proximity to employment and low costs are i important t t ffactors t iin residential id ti l d decisions ii Renters in general are more mobile than owners Mobility triggers – demand side (e.g. family status change, job change) and supply side ( (e.g. hhousing i opportunities) t iti ) Tenure shift – from rented rooms to selfbuilt shanties or houses, or from bridgeheaders to consolidators Spatial shift – from central city to urban periphery i h
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Housing and welfare welfare we lfare Migrants Urban Rural Type of housing Private housing Own commercial housing Own economic and comfortable housing Own ppublic housingg Rent public housing Rent commercial housing Others Total Welfare Health insurance Retirement insurance Unemployment p y insurance
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All
Urban
Locals Rural
All
1.9 33.1 2.1 14.8 12.3 30.1 5.7 100.0
3.2 3.9 0.2 1.4 5.5 73.6 12.1 100.0
2.7 15.7 1.0 6.8 8.3 55.9 9.5 100.0
14.3 23.5 2.1 35.4 20.6 2.1 2.1 100.0
87.5 7.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 1.9 1.0 100.0
30.8 19.9 1.8 27.6 16.1 2.0 1.9 100.0
68.5 68.4 45.0
16.2 12.7 5.6
36.5 34.4 20.9
86.2 85.5 47.0
76.5 38.0 5.6
83.9 74.5 37.4
Photographs removed due to copyright restrictions. Survey sites in Beijing and Shanghai. Source: Figure 1 in Wu, Weiping. "Drifting and Getting Stuck: Migrants in Chinese Cities.”"City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 14, no. 1 (2010): 10-20.
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Homeownership Homeownership Migrants (non-local) Rate of ownership Per capita housing (percent) area (m ( 2)
Locals Rate of ownership Per capita housing (percent) area (m ( 2)
2005 Urban N SD
51.9 [[14618]] 50.0
25.3 [[14618]] 18.7
75.2 [[55784]] 43.2
25.8 [[55657]] 18.8
Rural N SD
8.7 [21407] 2.8
11.5 [21407] 11.6
96.6 [16212] 18.2
43.7 [16206] 30.8
All
26.3 [36025] 44.0
17.1 [36025] 16.4
80.0 [71996] 40.0
29.8 [71863] 23.3
1.9 [363]
9.5 [357]
30.6 [386]
17.1 [381]
Rural N
0.4 [2357]
7.5 [2310]
87.6 [129]
33.5 [126]
All
0.6 [2720]
7.8 [2667]
44.9 [515]
21.2 [507]
N SD 1999/2000 Urban N
N
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Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Graphs of Average annual mobility rates over duration of residence in Beijing (2000) and Guangzhou (2005). Source: Figure 2 in Wu, Weiping. “Drifting and Getting Stuck: Migrants in Chinese Cities.” City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 14, no. 1 (2010): 10-20.
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Spatial concentration
Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Maps showing spatial concentration of migrant population and share of migrants in total population Source: unknown.
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Context of China China’’ss urbanization Marketization – command to market economy Decentralization ece t a at o – central-local ce t a oca fiscal sca relations Industrialization – agricultural to manufacturing economy Migration – rural-based rural based to urban-based urban based society Globalization Gl b li ti – autarky t k to t open regime i
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China China’ss urbanization at a glance ~1980
~2010
% change
Urbanization U b i i llevell (%)
19.4 19 4
51.0 51 0
162.9 162 9
Number of cities
193
657
240.4
Eastern region
69
344
398.6
Central region
84
218
159.5
Western region
40
95
137.5
Super large (> 2 million)
-
42
Extra large (1-2 million)
13
82
530.8
L Large (0 5 -11 million) (0.5 ll )
27
110
307 4 307.4
Small & medium (< 0.5 million)
153
423
176.5
Agriculture’s share in employment (%)
64
39
-39.1
Ratio of urban-rural per capita income
2.6
3.2
23.1
Cities bbyy population size
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Urbanization and re regions
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Map of China showing urbanization and regions. Source unknown.
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Resour Resource ce allocations b. Under market reform
Central state
a. Under state socialism Transfer
Redistribution of investment Taxes
Unified sale
City
Central state
Taxes
Tax collection
Investment allocation Taxes
Unified procurement procurement
Provincial- or prefecturelevel city
Unified sale
County
County-level city or urban district
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Taxes & levies
Unified procurement
County y
Urban administrative administrativehierar hierarch hierarchy chyy Central government
Provinciallevel cities
P i Provinces
Counties
Countylevel cities
Towns & townships
Urban subdistricts
Urban districts
Prefecturelevel cities
Pref ectures
Counties
Towns & townships
Countylevel cities
Urban subdistricts
Urban districts
Counties
Towns & townships
Urban subdistricts
The book The Chinese Cityy By Weiping Wu a Piper and pe Gaubat Gaubatz Routledge 2013, 9780-415-57575-1
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Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Book cover photograph. Source: Wu, W., and P. Gaubatz. The Chinese City. Routledge 2013, 978-0-415-57575-1. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415575751/
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11.S945 Urbanizing China: A Reflective Dialogue Fall 2013
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