11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS Jota Samper
[email protected] Office Hours: T 12:00 -2:00, 10-402 Class Meeting: Tuesdays, 2:00 to 5:00 Location: 10-485
COURSE OVERVIEW In a highly urbanized world like the one we live in, cities become the strategic place of violent conflict. Economic, religious, gender and ethnic differences are negotiated every day on the urban arena, when tensions become conflict and conflict escalates into violence, the urban space become the battlespace. The process of city building with all its conflicts and tensions then is a tool for both violence and reconciliation. In short, the tools of urbanization are the tools of war in an urbanized conflict. In this class, we examine urban development challenges in conflict cities. Case studies are used to examine the basic infrastructural, governance, social, and economic dilemmas facing citizens and local officials. The course explores multiple disciplinary perspectives from which urban conflict is addressed. It gives equal power to understand the particular conditions of urban conflict and to the policy solutions used to address such issues. This course examines the urban development challenges facing conflict and post-conflict cities, defined as locales that are socially, economically, and physically impacted by war, ethnic or religious conflict, and/or endemic criminal violence. The course reviews the literature by specific topics in which violence and cities intersect. The curse introduces the concept of urban violence and its relationship to development, and take a look at different perspectives of urban conflict: Military, gender, spatial, gang, mapping, peace building, and reconstruction. The goal of the eclectic survey is to give students a general idea of the varied concept of urban conflict and to by focusing on a particular local (city) inform each case with potential solutions to specific cases in the form of policy or project solutions. We intent to collaborate with a diverse group of institutions that deal with urban security (UN-Habitat, First Mile Geo, USAID, UNDP all TBC) that will provide analytical data for some of the students selected cases. Students are also encouraged to use other cities, data sources and methods.
11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND GRADING This course meets one day a week for an intensive three hour discussion, building on the expectation that students will have completed all readings prior to class. Weekly readings are divided into required and recommended readings. All students are responsible for weekly required readings. Each student will also sign up for a brief oral report of recommended readings for a given week, once in the semester. Within the first week of the course, students will pick a single “conflict” city to research during the semester, both for deeper empirical study as well as problem-solving. Data may be available for a number of students to focus on the following cities: San Pedro Sula, Medellin and Aleppo. However, students are also encouraged to focus on other conflict cities, and to select a city of their choosing for deeper empirical study. Student grades will be based on in class participation the class presentation, and a paper that would have two parts (1) survey and description of the particular issues of urban conflict in the chosen city (mid-term) and (2) Tentative policy or strategic interventions as forms to cope with the conditions of conflict. Students are graded on the basis of active participation, commitment, quality of presentation and submitting the assignments on time. Progress during the semester and striving for improvement will be credited.
Assignment
Due Date
% Final Grade
1. a Paper on description of the conditions of conflict in the selected city.
10/9/2014
30
1. b Second part of the paper that would suggest a particular policy or strategic intervention to cope with violence in the selected city. 2. Class presentation of one of the class topic. Presentation of the assigned and suggested readings. 3. Participation.
30 20
20
20
20
COURSE MATERIALS Course will have a stellar website where most course reading materials are available at: https://stellar.mit.edu/S/course/11/fa14/11.488/index.html 2
11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
SCHEDULE SEPTEMBER SEP. 4
FIST DAY OF CLASS AND INTRODUCTION TO THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES. Introduction to conflict and cities in conflict. Topics selection for in class review of material
SEP. 11
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN CONFLICT ZONES. The relationship between national conflict and cities, and vice-versa. Final student selection of city for paper.
REQUIRED: Paul Collier, et. al. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, pp. 1-50; 119-188. Macartan Humphreys. 2003. Economics and Violent Conflict. Harvard Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/economics/Essay.pdf Esser, Daniel. 2004. The City as Arena, Hub and Prey – patterns of violence in Kabul and Karachi. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2): 31-38
RECOMMENDED: Paul Collier, et. al. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, D.C.: World Bank; pp. 51-118. Collier, Paul and Nicholas Sambanis. 2005. Understanding Civil War (Volume 1: Africa). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Grünewald, François & Éric Levron. 2004. Villes en guerre et Guerres en ville. Paris: Karthala.
SEP. 18
MILITARY PERSPECTIVE Today more than ever wars are fought in cities. Here we explore how military literature see the role of cities in conflict.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
REQUIRED: Weizman, Eyal. 2004. Ariel Sharon and the Geometry of Occupation. In Graham (ed.) Cities, War and Terrorism: towards an urban geopolitics, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 172-191. Graham, Stephen. 2004. “Postmortem City.” City 8 (2): 165–96. Lind, William S. 2004. “Understanding Fourth Generation War.” Military Review 84 (5): 12. Hills, Alice. 2004. Future War in Cities: Rethinking a Liberal Dilemma. Psychology Press. RECOMMENDED: Hahn, Robert F., and Bonnie Jezior. "Urban Warfare and the Urban Warfighter of 2025." Parameters 29 (1999): 74-86. Weizman E. 2010. "Forensic architecture only the criminal can solve the crime". Radical Philosophy. (164): 9-24. Graham, Stephen. 2010. Cities under siege: the new military urbanism. London: Verso. Kilcullen, David. 2013. Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla. Oxford University Press.
SEP. 25
VIOLENT CONFLICT MULTIPLE DEFINITIONS Understating the context of disciplinary study of urban conflict, definitions and areas of research.
REQUIRED: Winton, Ailsa. 2004. Urban Violence: A Guide to the Literature. Environment and Urbanization 16(2): 165-183. McIlwaine, Cathy. 1999. “Geography and Development: Violence and Crime as Development Issues.” Progress in Human Geography 23 (3): 453–63.
Moser, Caroline. 2004, „Urban violence and insecurity: an introductory roadmap‟, Environment & Urbanization, 16 (2), October 2004, pp. 3-16. Davis, Diane E. 2008. Beyond the Democracy-Development Mantra: The Challenges of Violence and Insecurity in Latin America. REVISTA: The Harvard Review of Latin America (Winter): 3-7. RECOMMENDED: Small Arms Survey 2007 “Guns in the City: Urban Landscapes of Armed Violence.” Pp. 162-256. Human security for an Urban Century, Selected Readings. Davis, Diane E. 2008. Urban Violence, Quality of Life, and the Future of Latin American Cities: The Dismal Record So Far, and the Search for New Analytical Frameworks to Sustain a Bias Towards Hope. In Garland, Allison (ed.), Approaches to Global Urban Poverty: Setting the Research Agenda, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
OCTOBER OCT. 2
“SLUM WARS” The intersection between urban informality and conflict. Understanding of urbanization as a subversive act.
REQUIRED: Rodgers, Dennis. 2007. Slum wars of the 21st century: the new geography of conflict in Central America. Working Paper No. 10, Crisis States Research Centre. London: London School of Economics. http://www.crisisstates.com/download/wp/wpSeries2/wp10.2.pdf Blake 2013, Shadowing the State: Violent Control and the Social Power of Jamaican Garrison Dons Samper, Jose (jota). 2012. “The Role of Urban Upgrading in Latin America as Warfare Tool against the ‘Slums Wars.’” Critical Planning : The Journal of the UCLA Urban Planning Journal 19th.
RECOMMENDED: Weizman, E. 2006. “Walking through Walls: Soldiers as Architects in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” RADICAL PHILOSOPHY, no. 136: 8–22. Ruediger, Marco Aurélio. 2013. “The Rise and Fall of Brazil’s Public Security Program: PRONASCI.” Police Practice and Research 14 (4): 280–94.
OCT . 9
GENDER AND CONFLIC Gender issues among ideas of conflict and new perspectives brought by a gendered perspective of the conflict. 1.a Paper Due: Description of the conditions of conflict in the selected city.
REQUIRED: Moser, Caroline ON, and Fiona C. Clark. 2001. “Gender, Conflict, and Building Sustainable Peace: Recent Lessons from Latin America.” Gender & Development 9 (3): 29–39. Wilding P. 2010. “‘New Violence’: Silencing Women’s Experiences in the Favelas of Brazil.” J. Lat. Am. Stud. Journal of Latin American Studies 42 (4): 719–47. RECOMMENDED: Moser, Caroline O. N., and Fiona C. Clark. 2001. Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? : Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. London; New York: Zed Books. Spain, Daphne. "Gender and Urban Space." Annual Review of Sociology 0 (2014). Buvinić, Mayra, Monica Das Gupta, and Olga N. Shemyakina. 2013. “Armed Conflict, Gender and Schooling.” The World Bank Economic Review, lht032.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
OCT. 16
DEFENSIBLE SPACE TO SPACE SYNTAX Space policy of urban conflcit. Urban form and its relationship with conflcit.
REQUIRED: Taylor, Ralph B. 2001. Breaking Away from Broken Windows : Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight against Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Davis, Diane E. 2009. The Giuliani Factor: Crime, Zero Tolerance Policing and the Transformation of the Public Sphere in Downtown Mexico City. In Gareth A. Jones, Public Sphere and Public Space in Mexico, Palgrave Macmillan. Cozens, P., and D. Hillier. 2012. “Defensible Space.” In International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, edited by Editor-in-Chief: Susan J. Smith, 300–306. San Diego: Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080471631005609. RECOMMENDED: Vaughan, Laura. 1997. “The Urban ‘ghetto’: The Spatial Distribution of Ethnic Minorities.” Space Syntax Laboratory. http://www.scientificcommons.org/54494639. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2001. Illusion of Order : The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Downes, Alexander. 2001. The Holy Land Divided: Defending Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Wars. Security Studies 10: 58-116. Kusno, Abidin. 2001. Violence of Categories: Urban Design and the Making of Indonesian Modernity. In Smith and Bender (eds.), City and Nation: Rethinking Place and Identity, Somerset, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers; pp. 15-50.
OCT.23
MAPPING CONFLICT How we map conflict mirrows ways that we undertand conflcit, different perspectives in maping violence and conflct. Policy and research impleications.
REQUIRED: Sherman, Lawrence W., Gartin, Patrick R., Buerger, Michael E.,. 1989. “Hot Spots Of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities And The Criminology Of Place*.” Crim Criminology 27 (1): 27–56 Moser, Caroline, and Cathy McIlwane. 2000. "Participatory urban appraisal and its application for research on violence". Sage Urban Studies Abstracts. 28 (2). Barnett, Thomas PM. 2003. “The Pentagon’s New Map.” Esquire 1: 2003. RECOMMENDED: Hagedorn, J. M. 2006. "RACE NOT SPACE: A REVISIONIST HISTORY OF GANGS IN CHICAGO". JOURNAL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY. 91 (2): 194-208.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
Eck, John, Spencer Chainey, James Cameron, and R. Wilson. 2005. “Mapping Crime: Understanding Hotspots.” Hirschfield, Alex., and Kate. Bowers. 2001. Mapping and Analysing Crime Data : Lessons from Research and Practice. London; New York: Taylor & Francis.
OCT. 30
GANGS A particular form of urban violence, gangs are key to undertand the role of NSAG in cities.
REQUIRED: Manwaring, Max G. 2005. Street gangs: the new urban insurgency. [Carlisle Barracks, PA]: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. Jütersonke, Oliver, Robert Muggah, and Dennis Rodgers. 2009. "Gangs, Urban Violence, and Security Interventions in Central America". Security Dialogue. 40 (4-5): 4-5. Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Corinne Davis Rodrigues. 2006. “The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas.” Latin American Politics & Society Latin American Politics & Society 48 (4): 53–81. RECOMMENDED: Sullivan, John P., and Robert J. Bunker. 2002. “Drug Cartels, Street Gangs, and Warlords.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 13 (2): 40–53. Rodgers, Dennis, and Robert Muggah. 2009. “Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case.” Contemporary Security Policy 30 (2): 301–17. Winton, Ailsa. 2014. “Gangs in Global Perspective.” Environment and Urbanization, 0956247814544572.
NOVEMBER NOV. 6
WEAK STATES AND CONFLICT THE NSAG PERSPECTIVE. When the state monopoly of violence is challenged, NSAG appear as para –state organizations that fill those voids left by the state a phenomena call by some “New Violence”. What is the role of these organization on a world of “megacities” in “weak states”?
REQUIRED: Eriksen, Stein Sundstøl. 2011. “‘State Failure’in Theory and Practice: The Idea of the State and the Contradictions of State Formation.” Review of International Studies 37 (01): 229–47. Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006. Drugs & Democracy in Rio de Janeiro : Trafficking, Social Networks, & Public Security. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Call, Charles. 2011. “Beyond the `failed State’: Toward Conceptual Alternatives.” European Journal of International Relations 17 (2): 303–26.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
RECOMMENDED: Acemoglu, Daron, James A. Robinson, and Rafael Santos. 2009. The Monopoly of Violence: Evidence from Colombia. National Bureau of Economic Research. Abello-Colak, Alexandra, and Valeria Guarneros-Meza. 2014. “The Role of Criminal Actors in Local Governance.” Urban Studies, February, 0042098013519831. doi:10.1177/0042098013519831. Patrick, Stewart. 2011. Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. Oxford University Press.
NOV. 13
CONFLICT AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT How the built environment does interacts with conditions of conflict?
REQUIRED: Clarno, Andy. 2008. A Tale of Two Walled Cities: Neo-liberalization and Enclosure in Johannesburg and Jerusalem. Political Power and Social Theory 19. Coward, Martin. 2004. Urbicide in Bosnia. In Graham, S. (ed.), Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell; pp.154-171. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/mpc20/pubs/urbicide.html Hoffman, Danny. 2007. The City as Barracks: Freetown, Monrovia, and the Organization of Violence in Post-Colonial African Cities. Cultural Anthropology 22(3): 400-428.
RECOMMENDED: Briceno-Leon, Roberto. 2008. “Caracas” in Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruijt, 2007, Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence, and Contested Spaces in Latin America; pp. 1-86100Ballard, Chris. 2002. The Signature of Terror: Violence, Memory and Landscape at Freeport. In David and Wilson (eds.), 2002, Inscribed Landscapes: Marking and Making Place, Honolulu: University of Hawai‟i Press; pp. 13-26. Genberg, Daniel. 2002. Borders and Boundaries in Post-war Beirut. In Erdentug and Colombijn (eds.), Urban Ethnic Encounters: The Spatial Consequences, Routledge; pp. 281-296 Kubrin, Charis E., and Ronald Weitzer. 2003. “New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40 (4): 374–402. Bursik Jr, Robert J., and Harold G. Grasmick. 1999. Neighborhoods & Crime. Lexington Books. Markowitz, Fred E., Paul E. Bellair, Allen E. Liska, and Jianhong Liu. 2001. “Extending Social Disorganization Theory: Modeling the Relationships between Cohesion, Disorder, and Fear*.” Criminology 39 (2): 293–319.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
NOV. 20
PEACE PROCESS AND RECONCILIATION
REQUIRED: Schueren, Vander. 1996. From Violence to Justice and Security in Cities. Environment and Urbanization 8(1). Humphreys, Macartan & Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2007. Demobilization and Reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(4): 531-567. Vanderschueren, Franz. 1996. “From Violence to Justice and Security in Cities.” Environment and Urbanization 8 (1): 93–112.
David Keen. 2001. War and Peace: What's the Difference? In Adebajo & Sriram (eds.) Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century, London & Portland: Frank Cass; pp. 122. Fiori, Jorge, and Zeca Brandão. 2010. “Spatial Strategies and Urban Social Policy: Urbanism and Poverty Reduction in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro.” Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America 11: 181. RECOMMENDED: Addison, Tony. 2003. Africa‟s Recovery from Conflict: Making Peace Work for the Poor: a policyfocused summary. Published as Policy Brief No. 6, of the UNU/WIDER book From Conflict to Recovery in Africa. http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/policy-briefs/en_GB/pb6/ Khalaf, Samir and Philip S. Khoury. Recovering Beirut: Urban Design and Post-War Reconstruction, pp. 101-182. E.J. Brill, New York. 1993. Rozema, Ralph. 2008. “Urban DDR-Processes: Paramilitaries and Criminal Networks in Medellín, Colombia.” Journal of Latin American Studies 40 (03): 423–52. Gibson, J.L. 2004. Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process. American Journal of Political Science 48(2): 201217.
NOV. 27
NO CLASS THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY
DECEMBER DEC. 4
RECONSTRUCTION – POST CONFLICT The war is over now what? Challenges of reconstruction and policies of post conflict. 1.b Final Paper due: policy or strategic intervention to cope with violence in the selected city
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
REQUIRED: Capt. Phillip Baker, Baghdad, “Urban Planning: A Way Forward” and “Urban Planning Reconstruction, and Development.” MacDonald, Mott. 2005. Provision of Infrastructure in Post-Conflict Situations. Written for the UK Department for International Development, June 2005. http://rru.worldbank.org/PapersLinks/Open.aspx?id=6484 [plus commentary on MacDonald by Capt. Phillip Baker, Baghdad] David Keen. 2001. War and Peace: What's the Difference? In Adebajo & Sriram (eds.) Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century, London & Portland: Frank Cass; pp. 1-22. Aron, James. 2003. Building Institutions in Post-Conflict African Economies. Journal of International Development 15: 471-85. RECOMMENDED: Addison, Tony. 2003. Africa‟s Recovery from Conflict: Making Peace Work for the Poor: a policyfocused summary. Published as Policy Brief No. 6, of the UNU/WIDER book From Conflict to Recovery in Africa. http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/policy-briefs/en_GB/pb6/ Khalaf, Samir and Philip S. Khoury. Recovering Beirut: Urban Design and Post-War Reconstruction, pp. 101-182. E.J. Brill, New York. 1993. Anand, P.B. 2004. Getting infrastructure priorities right in post conflict reconstruction. Presented at the Making Peace Work conference, Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. http://www.wider.unu.edu/conference/conference-2004-1/conference%202004-1papers/Anand-1905.pdf Schwartz, Jordan, Shelly Hahn & Ian Bannon (2004), „The Private Sector‟s Role in the Provision of Infrastructure in Post-Conflict Countries‟, Trends and Policy Option No. 1, August 2004, Washington DC: Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). http://rru.worldbank.org/PapersLinks/Open.aspx?id=6398 Rajagopal, Balakrishnan. 2008. Invoking the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Rebuilding: A Critical Examination. William and Mary Law Review 49: 1345-1374.
DEC. 11
FINAL PRESENTATIONS OF PAPERS.
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11.488 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CONFLICT CITIES: PLANNING CHALLENGES AND POLICY INNOVATIONS
MIT NOTES Disabilities. If you have a documented disability, or any other problem you think may affect your ability to perform in class, please see the instructor early in the semester so that arrangements may be made to accommodate you. Academic Integrity. Plagiarism and cheating are not acceptable. Never (1) turn in an assignment that you did not write yourself, (2) turn in an assignment for this class that you previously turned in for another class, or (3) cheat on an exam. If you do so, it may result in a failing grade for the class, and possibly even suspension. Please see the instructor if you have any questions about what constitutes plagiarism.
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