Geographic Information Systems & Critical Infrastructure Protection Shashi Shekhar McKnight Distinguished University Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota www.cs.umn.edu/~shekhar
CT 8330: Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Technological Leadership Institute, University of Minnesota
Session on Geographic Information Systems & CIP Supplementary Material: http://www.cs.umn.edu/~shekhar/tli/ Tu, June 19th, 2018, Alumni Center Rm 235 Tu. June 27th, 2017, Alumni Center Rm. 235 Tu. June 28th, 2016, Alumni Center Rm. 235 Tu. June 23rd, 2015, Alumni Center Rm.235 Tu. June 17th, 2014, Alumni Center Rm. 235 Tu. June 18th, 2013 Tu. June 19th, 2012 Fr. June 17th, 2011 Th. July 22nd, 2010
Introductions Ø
Round-table Introductions Ø Ø Ø
Name, Affiliation Background in GIS, GIS for CIP Objective for session on GIS and CIP
Learning Objectives We should be able to answer the following questions after this session: 1.
What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)? n n n
2.
What are GIS Data-layers? What are common GIS Operations? What are their inputs and outputs? What are Geo-referencing systems? Data transfer standards?
How may GIS help? n n
Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)? Emergency Management (EM)?
Outline & Schedule (4 hours) Hour
Topics
Lecture
0:00-0:30
Introductions
30 minutes
Exercise
0:30 -1:00 Motivation
8 slides, 15 minutes
15 minutes
1:00-1:30
GIS: Data, Standards
15 slides, 15 minutes
15 minutes
1:30-2:00
GIS: Analytic Tools
17 slides, 15 minutes
15 minutes
2:00-2:15
Break
2:15-2:45
GIS for CIP - I
11 slides, 15 minutes
15 minutes
2:45-3:15
GIS for CIP - II
9 slides, 15 minutes
15 minutes
3:15-3:30
Case Study
6 slides, 10 minutes
Video (5-min)
3:30-3:45
Wrap-up
3 slides (5 minutes)
15 minutes
Outline Ø
Motivation Ø Ø Ø
Ø Ø Ø Ø
GIS & London Cholera (1854) GIS & WTC (2001) GIS & DHS/CIP
Basics of GIS How can GIS help CIP ? Case Study Next
1854 London Cholera 1854: What causes Cholera?
Collect & Curate Data
Discover Patterns, Generate Hypothesis ? water pump
Test Hypothesis (Experiments) Remove pump handle
Impact on cities & infrastructure: Health & well-being, parks, Separate drinking & waste water sewage system, drinking water supply, …
Q? What are Choleras of today? cancer, crime, accidents, … Q? How may GIS help?
Develop Theory Germ Theory
A recent use-case Ø
Motivation: Ø Ø
Ø
Reduce delays Example: Tornado outbreak(2012)
Approach: Ø Ø Ø
Monitor Tweets Filter on disaster keywords Color maps by keyword frequency
Even before cable news outlets began reporting the tornadoes that ripped through Texas on Tuesday, a map of the state began blinking red on a screen in the Red Cross' new social media monitoring center, alerting weather watchers that something was happening in the hard-hit area. (AP) A tornado moves through the Dallas-Fort Worth area on Tuesday, April 3, 2012 in this still image taken from video. (Reuters TV/Reuters)
GIS & World Trade Center n n n
NYC GIS center destroyed CUNY supported firefighters, rescue workers, utility crews 50+ GIS professionals for 2+ months
Source: Sean C. Ahern,Hunter College - CUNY
Example DHS Scenario & GIS §
Preparation of response to attacks
§ Help public officials to make important decisions § Guide affected population to safety § Ex. Chemical Leak Base Map
Weather Data
Plume Dispersion
Demographics Information
Transportation Networks
( Images from www.fortune.com )
NIMS & GIS •
•
Concepts and Principles • A Common Operational Picture accessible across agencies Interoperability Standards •
Geospatial Information (item 4)
Hurricane Isaac monitoring @ Mississippi State Emergency Operations Center, (Source: The Role of the EOC: Special Operations, B. Moeller, 1/31/2014, http://www.firerescuemagazine.com/articles/print/volume-9/issue-2/special-operations/the-role-of-the-eoc.html )
DHS & GIS •
National Strategy for Homeland Security, 2002 • •
•
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 & 8, 2003 • • •
•
6 Missions: Intelligence/Warning, Protect Key Infrastructure, … 4 Foundations: Information Sharing and Systems, Law, …
National Planning Scenarios Universal Task List (UTL), Target Capability List (TCL) National Response Plan
National Incident Management System (NIMS), 2004 • •
Incident Command System Common Operational Picture
Role of GIS in Critical Infrastructure Protection • Determine Risk •
Types of Crisis Faced by location
• Track event progression • • •
Ex.: 2004 Tsunami Video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-F_pSCzpaA) Situation Awareness, Common Operational Picture (NIMS 2004)
• (Nearby) Resource Availability • •
Hospitals near I-35W bridge collapse Fire-stations, Shelters, Roads, …
• Geospatial Infrastructure Interdependency • • • •
WTC debris damaged Water Main & Telecom Water flooded Train tunnels Telecom outage halted Stock Trading, … (Source: Impacts of the 2001 World Trade Center Attack on New York City Critical
Infrastructures , D. Mendoca et al., ASCE Jr. of Infra. Systems,12(4):260-270, 2006.)
Active Learning Exercise n
n
Learning Objectives: What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)? Activity: Review the following document: P. Folger, Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): An Overview for Congress, Congressional Research Service Report 7-5700, www.crs.gov, May 18, 2011.
n
Answer the following questions using the congressional report:
1.
Provide a definition of GIS based on this report.
2.
Name two GIS applications used in daily lives of millions of people.
3.
The report lists examples of why and how geospatial information is used. Which two examples are relevant to Emergency Management?
4.
Name two CIP related federal agencies, which are members of Federal Geographic Data Committee.
Active Learning Exercise (Extra) n
Learning Objectives: What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?
n
Activity: Review “Spatial Computing “, Communications of the ACM, 59(1), January, 2016 Short (4-minute) video overview .
n
Answer the following questions using the above paper:
1.
Name a few transformative spatial computing ideas beyond GIS.
2.
List a few recent changes in the field of Spatial Computing.
3.
List a short opportunity, which may help in CIP or Emergency Management.
Outline Ø Ø
Motivation GIS: An Overview Ø Ø Ø
Ø Ø Ø
Basics of GIS Transfer Standards Analytical Tools
How can GIS help CIP ? Case Study Next
Defining GIS n
Sample definitions n
n
“… a computer data system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information—information attached to a location, such as latitude and longitude, or street location” (USGS.gov) “… It allows you to analyze data visually and see patterns, trends, and relationships that might not be visible in tabular or written form.” (EPA.gov)
n
Key: Spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps (location matters!)
n
A GIS at least consists of n n n
a database map information a link between them
Source: www.epa.gov/region5fields/gis.html
What’s special about spatial? n n n
Everything happens in geographic space A map shows phenomena as a function location & time Geographical relations, e.g., distance n
n n
Powerful search and query
Tobler’s law Basics n n
Coordinate Systems, e.g., latitude, longitude Spatial Data Genres, e.g., raster, vector
Geographic Mistakes - Coordinate Systems n
spatial.ly/2011/01/geographical-mistakes-keeping-geographers-busy n n
Q? What is wrong with circular ranges of missiles (left bottom map)? Correction: North Korea s missiles (www.economist.com/node/1788311)
Basics I: Coordinate Systems n
Coordinate systems n n
n
.Taxonomy n n
n
Codes locations as numbers Ex.: (East-ing, North-ing), (latitude, longitude) Relative, e.g., units of map s paper sheet Absolute n Geographic: Latitude, longitude, elevation n Projected: Mercator, military grid, state plane
Coordinate Systems matter in: n n n
Map Comparison Distance, area, or direction over large areas Video ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ )
Alternative georeferencing n
Symbolic Geo-referencing n n n
n
Geo-code symbolic to numerical geo-reference n n
n
Place names (e.g., Dinkytown, Eyjafjallajökull, ) Street address (200 Union St. SE, MN 55455) Internet URLs
Ex.: street address to latitude-longitude on map Reverse Geo-code: GPS reading to place-name
A GIS package should be able to move between n n n n
map projections coordinate systems datums, and Ellipsoids And do geocoding
Basics II: Spatial Data-Genres n n n n
Raster: geo-images e.g., Google Earth Vector: point, line, polygons Graph, e.g., roadmap: node, edge, path Others: Terrain, Spatio-temporal, …
Raster Data for UMN Campus Courtesy: UMN
Graph Data for UMN Campus Courtesy: Bing
24
Vector Data for UMN Campus Courtesy: MapQuest
Raster Representation as fields •
Space divided into regular grid • •
Pixel = Cell of the grid Each pixel assigned a gray value to represent local intensity Resolution = pixel size
•
•
Issues: • • • • •
Approximation Mixed pixels Drop out Interpolation Multi-resolution
Vector Representation: Arc/node data structure n n
Primitives: Node, Arc, Area Constraints: Topology Matters n
Some GIS operations may be performed without accessing the point files. n Example: Is USA a neighbor of Canada?
3D Terrain Models, e.g., Elevation n
Raster Representation n n
n
Regularly Spaced Grid, e.g., 50m to 500m Pixel value represents local elevation
Vector Representations n
Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) n
n
use optimal Delaunay triangulation of a set of irregularly distributed points.
Contours
DEM GRID using ArcMap Source for 5 pictures: SpatialSys.com
DEM TIN using ArcMap
Contours
Terrain Analysis-2 n
Terrain analysis : Slope/aspect, catchment, drainage, Floods
4D: Adding Time to GIS n n
The missing t in (x, y, z, t) Much interest in spatio-temporal dynamics, models n n
n n n
GPS trajectories Seasonal variation
Only a few methods as yet, still research Spatial modeling tools in few GIS, e.g. CA in IDRISI Transaction-based problem solved in 2D e.g. Oracle Spatial
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12 /2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_100px.gif
Outline Ø Ø
Motivation GIS: An Overview Ø Ø Ø
Ø Ø Ø
Basics of GIS Transfer Standards Analytical Tools
How can GIS help CIP ? Case Study Next
Data resources and Formats n
Data Formats n n n n n n
n
n
SHP, E00 DXF GeoTIFF Img VPF DRG, DEM, DOQQ TIGER/SDTS
n
Data Sources n n n n n n n
MN Geospatial Commons NSDI clearinghouses Geospatial One Stop National Map GDT, ESRI etc. Geography network Alexandria www.alexandria.ucsb.edu
Look ahead at Exercise n n n
Review MN Geospatial Commons (https://gisdata.mn.gov/) What kinds of critical infrastructure are covered by these datasets? Which data formats are used?
Geospatial Data Sources on Cloud Computers (2017)
Sentinel-2
OpenStreetMap SpaceNet
IARPA
MOGREPS
Landsat BCCA FLUXNET
NAIP Elevation NARR PRISM
GDELT
NOAA
MODIS LOCA GIMM
SRTM FIA TRIMM Sentinel-1 AVHRR GlobCover
WorldPop
Oxford MAP NASS WWF
GSMaP CHIRPS NCEP/NCAR
PSDI WorldClim Geoscience Australia
Ack: Slides by R. Bhojwani & K. Kuehl, UMN Csci 5715, Fall 2017.
WHRC
Approach: Interoperability via Standards • SDTS •A US federal standard (FIPS 173) in 1992. • terminology, set of references, list of features, transfer mechanism, accuracy standard. • Includes DLG and TIGER data formats • FGDC – standards for metadata and selected feature (e.g., raster profile) • Other standards efforts are DIGEST, DX-90, the Tri-Service Spatial Data Standards, …
• OGC • Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (www.opengis.org) with 256 members worlwide • Develops standards, Test Compliance • Simple feature model, WCS, WML, Sensor ML…
• ISO TC 211 •19129 : GIS - Imagery, Gridded and Coverage Data •19130 : GIS-Sensor data model
• Agreement between OGC and ISO
Transfer Standards
OGC Initiatives n
Recent n n n n
n
Critical Infrastructure Protection Initiative, Phase 1.2 (CIPI 1.2) In Progress Emergency Mapping Symbology, Phase 1 (EMS 1)In Progress Land Information Initative, Phase 1 (LII-1)Initiated OGC Web Services, Phase 2 (OWS-2)Initiated
Past n n n n n n n n
Conformance & Interoperability Test & Evaluation, Phase 1 (CITE 1) Geospatial Fusion Testbed (GFST) Geographic Objects (GO-1) Geospatial One-Stop - Portal Initiative (GOS-PI) Multihazard Mapping Initiative, Phase 1 (MMI -1) Object Domain Modeling Support (ODMS) Initiative (ODMS) Open Location Services Testbed (OpenLS 1) Web Mapping Testbed, Phase 1 (WMT 1)
Active Learning Exercise n
n
Learning Objectives: What are Geo-referencing systems? Data transfer standards? Activity 1: Review MN Geospatial Commons (https://gisdata.mn.gov/) > Categories Tab n n n n n
n
Identify 3 data layers (and their data formats) for estimating CIP . What kinds of critical infrastructure are covered by these datasets? How up-to-date and complete are these datasets? Which data transfer standards are supported? Note: Cover older MetroGIS Data Finder (https://www.metrogis.org/get-data/data-finder.aspx, www.metrogis.org, www.datafinder.org/catalog)
Activity 2: Revisit : P. Folger, Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): An Overview for Congress, CRS Report 7-5700, www.crs.gov, 2011. OMB Circular A-16 was issued to ensure that federal surveying and mapping activities met the needs of federal and state agencies and the general public and to avoid duplication of effort. Name a federal GIS initiatives relevant to CIP and its contribution for data transfer standards.
Outline Ø Ø
Motivation GIS: An Overview Ø Ø Ø
Ø Ø
Basics of GIS Transfer Standards Analytical Tools
How can GIS help CIP ? Case Studies
Spatial Data Analysis Predictive View
Recorded View
Problem Complexity
(2)
Situational Awareness Situational Awareness
(4)
Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Discovery
Where are the hot-spots? When are Hot-moments?
What other events could occur with this pattern?
How does situation this year compares with historic data?
(correlating signatures => e.g. bar closing or evacuation to predict events) crime events nearby a little later
(1) Data Bases, Queries
(3)
CUAHSI
Predictive Analysis
From known classes (e.g. terrorist attack, hazmat spills, …), which class of event does this represent? (area limitation study whereofcould they be?) Predict impact an event given other
USGS
environmental and socio-economic variables.
Captures observations and information needs
Time
Analytic Tools and GIS n
Functionality: n
n n
n
n
Searches based on spatial relationships, e.g. distance Spatial Statistics Spatial Models, e.g. plume simulation Spatio-temporal
Example Tools n n n n
ESRI ArcGIS, ArcView AutoCAD Map GRASS IDRISI (Clark University, Worchester, MA)
GIS Analytical Functions: A Taxonomy GIS Analytical Functions 1. Measure, e.g., distance, area 2a. Search, e.g., nearest neighbor
CIP Use Case Example A. How far is a derailed train from tunnel entrance? B. List hospitals closest to I-35W bridge
2b. Search, e.g., Thematic
C. How many people live in the path of a wildfire?
3. Location analysis, e.g., buffer
D. Secure areas within a mile of Super Bowl 2018
4. Terrain analysis, e.g., visibility
E. Which windows & rooftops need to be secured to protect a presidential route ?
5. Flow analysis, e.g., shortest path
F. Send ASAP ambulance from HCMC to I-35W bridge
6. Spatial Patterns, e.g., hotspots
G. Geographic concentrations of critical infrastructure
7. Create new maps
H. Common Operational Picture, e.g., track first responder locations
1. Measurement 1.
Measurements , e.g., Distance, perimeter, adjacency, direction 1.
n n n
A. How far is a derailed train from tunnel entrance?
Ex.: Open Google Maps (not in Lite mode) Right-click on starting point. Choose Measure distance. Click anywhere on map to create a path to measure.
2. Search n
Search : Thematic search, e.g., people in path of a fire n Nearest neighbor, Ex. Hospitals near I-35W bridge. n Search by region or proximity CIP Example: n What is near a planned electric transmission line (red)? n Result: A gas pipeline (yellow) Source: (Abdalla 2010) n Mitigation: Protect gas line during construction Or relocate to avoid spatial interdependency n
n
Source: Hospital Response to a Major Freeway Bridge Collapse , J. Hick, et al., Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2(S1):1-S16, , Sept. 2008.
3. Location Analysis n
Location analysis: Buffer, corridor, overlay, n
Ex. My location => Area with a specific distance (ArcGIS)
Use Case: Secure areas within a mile of Super Bowl 2018 CIP Example: Circular Buffer around a Point location n Ex. 2: Source: (Abdalla 2010) n
n
n n n
Defective (yellow) power station (Point location) => outage area (circle) Affects backup (red) communication line between data centers Mitigation: Establish alternative communication
3. Location Analysis n
Location analysis: Buffer, corridor, overlay,
n
CIP Example: South Portland's City Council on Monday approved a buffer between important public facilities and liquefied natural gas distribution plants. The buffers are shown on the map as light blue shaded circles around important public facilities. Courtesy city of South Portland
4. Terrain Analysis n
Terrain analysis : Visibility, Slope/aspect, catchment, drainage, Floods
n
CIP Example: Flood prediction using Terrain contours and predicted precipitation n Includes a transmission line powering a air traffic radio beacon n Mitigation: protect beacon by sandbags, backup generator at beacon
n
Source: (Abdalla 2010)
4. Terrain Analysis: Visibility n
Terrain analysis : Visibility, Slope/aspect, catchment, drainage, Floods
5. Flow Analysis n
Flow analysis : Connectivity, shortest path, travel-time map
n
CIP Example: A flood shuts down a power substation (!) n serving an air traffic control (tower) and a chemical plant (triangle) Source: (Abdalla 2010)
n
5 .Flow Analysis - 2 n
Flow analysis n n n
Connectivity Shortest path Travel-time map
6. Spatial Patterns: Hotspots n n
Hotspot of a disease, disturbance, accidents, The 1854 Asiatic Cholera in London •
Near Broad St. water pump except a brewery
6. Spatial Patterns: Hotspots n
Hotspot of critical infrastructure or facilities (Source: Geographic Hotspots of Critical National Infrastructure, S. Thacker et al., Risk Analysis, 37(12):2490-2505, 2017. )
6. Spatial Patterns - continued n
Spatial Patterns
n
Spatial autocorrelation, Distribution Change detection, … n Hotspot, Colocation, … CIP Example: n
6. Spatial Patterns – Ring-Shaped Hotspot
RHD Source: Ring-Shaped Hotspot Detection: A Summary of Results, IEEE Intl. Conf. on Data Mining, 2014 (w/ E. Eftelioglu et al.)
53
7. Create new Maps n
Create new maps: map visualization, map overlay, re-classification, …
n
CIP Example: No fly zones for UAVs n
Overlays airports, military bases, national parks, temporary restrictions (e.g., events)
7. Create New Maps from Simulations • Simulation for Scenario based planning • •
Specify incident location Project impact footprint using a physical model • Plume simulation using gas/particle dispersion • Flood simulation using water flow
Oil Refinery Scenario
Reservoir Dam Scenario
7. Create new Maps map visualization, map overlay, re-classification, … Hospitals, Water Tanks, Critical Dams, Fire/Police Stations, City EOC, Comm. Towers,
Telecom tower,Transportation, …
Source: Nevada s approach to CIP (publicintelligence.info/nevadasilvershield.pdf)
Active Learning Exercise n
Learning Objectives n n
What are GIS Data-layers? What are common GIS Operations? What are their inputs and outputs?
n
Learning Objectives: Why and how GIS is use in CIP?
n
Activity: Match GIS Analytical Functions to CIP Use Case GIS Analytical Functions
1. Measure, e.g., distance, area
CIP Use Cases A. Common Operational Picture, e.g., track first responder locations
2a. Search, e.g., nearest neighbor
B. Which windows & rooftops need to be secured to protect a presidential route ?
2b. Search, e.g., Thematic
C. How far is a derailed train from tunnel entrance?
3. Location analysis, e.g., buffer
D. Dispatch ambulance from HCMC to I-35W bridge
4. Terrain analysis, e.g., visibility
E. Geographic concentrations of critical infrastructure
5. Flow analysis, e.g., shortest path
F. List hospitals closest to I-35W bridge
6. Spatial Patterns, e.g., hotspots
G. How many people live in the path of a wildfire?
7. Create new maps
H. Secure areas within a mile of Super Bowl 2018
Active Learning Exercise n
Learning Objectives n n
What are GIS Data-layers? What are common GIS Operations? What are their inputs and outputs?
n
Learning Objectives: Why and how GIS is use in CIP?
n
Activity: Use Google Maps to find
n n
(a) Hospitals near I-35 bridge collapse incident (b) (straight line and driving) distance between MSP airport & University of Minnesota.
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Activity (Extra): Review D. Fletcher, Spatial Information Technologies in CIP : A Research Agenda , National Consortium on Remote Sensing in Transportation - Infrastructure Management, USDOT Research and Special Programs Administration, 2002.
1.
What are critical transportation infrastructures (CTI)? Provide two examples.
2.
Review sample CTI disaster information needs (pp. 4). Which of these are geo-spatial?
3.
What is remote sensing? How may it help assess infrastructure damage?
4.
Match GIS benefits in disaster management (pp. 6) with GIS Analytic Tools, e.g., measurements, search, location analysis, terrain analysis, flow analysis, spatial patterns, …
Active Learning Exercise (Extra) n
Learning Objectives n n
n
What are GIS Data-layers? What are common GIS Operations? What are their inputs and outputs?
Activity: Revisit : P. Folger, Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): An Overview for Congress, CRS Report 7-5700, www.crs.gov, 2011.
(a) The attributes of different types of geospatial data - such as roads and bridges, buildings, lakes and rivers, counties - can each constitute a layer or theme in GIS. List three layers of geospatial information relevant to CIP. (b) The power of GIS is the ability to combine geospatial information in unique ways - by layers or themes - and extract something new. List two possible use of such power in context of emergency management using specific GIS operations discussed in last slide.
Outline Motivation Ø Basics of GIS Ø How can GIS help CIP ? Ø
Critical Infrastructure Ø Role of GIS in CIP Ø
Ø
Next
Critical Infrastructure n
Infrastructure: Basic physical and organizational structures and facilities n
n
Ex. Buildings, Transportation (e.g., Roads), Water (e.g., Dams), Internet, Power, …
Critical Infrastructure: Extremely important to operation of civilized society n
n
Patriot Act (2001): “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters” Presidential Decision Directive 63 (Clinton 1998, pp. 1-2)
“The framework of interdependent networks and systems comprising identifiable industries, institutions and distribution capabilities that provide a reliable flow of products and services essential to the defense and economic security of the of the US, the smooth functioning of government at all levels, and society as a whole.” President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, Critical Foundations Protecting America’s Infrastructure, 1997
Critical Infrastructure (CI) Types n
Sources: Presidential Policy Directive 21, Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7
1.
Chemical sector
2.
Commercial sector
3.
Private Sector
4.
Manufacturing sector
5.
Dams
6.
Defense Industry
7.
Emergency Services
8.
Energy
9.
Financial
10.
Food & Agriculture
11.
Government
12.
Healthcare, public health
13.
Information Technology
14.
Nuclear
15.
Transportation
16.
Water and wastewater
Q? Which CIs are geo-spatial ?
Quiz on Critical Infrastructure (CI) Types Q? Which are not identified among 16 CIP types listed in previous slide?
Why are CIs critical ? n
Provide basic support for life, livelihood, and communities
n
Disruption affects all sectors: businesses, households, other CIs
n
CIs are vulnerable to physical damage in disasters n
1993 Midwest Floods, 1994 Northridge Earthquake, 2003 Northeast Blackout,
Economic impacts n
1993 Midwest floods : Des Moines (IA) suffered more loss from infrastructure outage than from physical flooding
n
1994 Northridge EQ highway damage accounted for 27% (US$1.5 billion) of regional business loss
n
1995 Kobe EQ: massive failures of virtually all major infrastructures essentially lead to cessation of urban economic functions
n
2003 Northeast blackout estimated to have cost US$4.5~$10.0 billion in economic loss
Highway bridge damage in Northridge earthquake (photo: EERI)
Household impacts n
Infrastructure outages can affect households in complex ways n
Public safety dangers from utility loss and traffic delays for first responders
n
Infrastructure outage could force households to seek emergency shelter
n
Infrastructure loss may compound or even cause health problems and injuries
n
Business disruption may cause job loss or financial hardship; etc.
n
Some socio-economic groups (e.g., elderly) are especially vulnerable
n
One survey found that households gave highest priority in disaster policy to n
Electric power
n
Water
n
Hospitals
Infrastructure Interdependencies “bidirectional relationship between two infrastructures through which the state of each infrastructure influences or is correlated to the state of the other” (Rinaldi et al., 2001) Fuels, Lubricants Fuel Transport, Shipping
Power for Signaling, Switches
Transportation
Water
Power for Pump and Lift Stations, Control Systems
or Water f , n li C oo g s n Emissio n io t c u Red
ipp
ing
Fuel Transport, Shipping
Power for Pumping Stations, Storage, Control Systems
Sh
Water for Production, Cooling, Emissions Reduction
SCADA, Communications
Fuels, Lubricants
Electric Power
Power for Compressors, Storage, Natural Control Gas Systems r o f Fuel ors at Gener
S Com CADA, mun icatio ns
Po Wat er fo Sw wer C oo r itc for ling he SCA s DA, Co mmu nica tions
ors Fuel for Generat
Heat
SCADA, Communications
Oil
Fuel for Generators, Lubricants
, DA ons SCAnicati mu Com
Telecom ping
Ship
ction Redu s n o i s Emis ooling, C , n io ct u d Water for Pro
A Taxonomy of Infrastructure Interdependencies n
Geographic Interdependence due to proximity n n n
n
Functional n n
n
Many infrastructure use electric power, telecommunication & Internet for control Puerto Rico 2017: Electricity outage disrupts water, hospitals, …
Cyber-Interdependence n n
n
Fires, Floods, Explosions affect geographic neighborhoods Puerto Rico Hurricane Maria 2017:,Hurricane Maria damages Houses, Roads, Electric Grid, … Tunnel Train fire breaks water main above, melts fiber-optic cable in tunnel, disrupts power line
Many infrastructure use computers and Internet for control and communications Ex. Computer problems snarl air traffic : U.S. (11/19/2009), Delta (8/8/16), United (7/8/15), …
Logical Interdependence n n
Economic (e.g., market) or political dependence 1973 Oil Embargo reduced vehicle transportation
Geographic Interdependence Example n
Harvard Street Tunnel Fire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Street_Tunnel_fire ) n n
n
CSX Tunnel Fire , Baltimore, MD, USFA-TR-140, US Fire Administration Homeland Security, July 2001. 1-minute ABC News clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SrFQiqzw6s
Events n n n n
7/18/2001: 3pm: 60-car CSX train derailed :: 4pm : multi-day Fire & Smoke 545pm: Civil defense sirens, shelter in place resident & evacuate pedestrians 615pm: Water main above tunnel (Howard & Lombard) broke releasing 1.4M gallons Transportation: n n
n
n
Rail: Disruption to CSX freight, MARC commuter Road: Howard & Lombard (I-395, Downtown) & Water: Inner harbor closed to boats
Electric Power n Power cable damage left 1,200 Baltimore buildings without electricity. Telecommunication (Train derailment severs communications, www.baltimoresun.com/bal-email19-story.html) n n
Water knocked out phone service to 2 office towers (250 & 300 W. Pratt St.) Fire destroyed Worldcom Fiberoptic cables in tunnel => affected email and web in NYC
Geospatial Interdependencies • Geographic proximity of infrastructure components •
• Common corridor • Transmission lines, water pipelines, gas pipelines, telecommunications Geographic catastrophe impacts multiple infrastructures • Electric fire may ignite gas pipelines
Source: The Geospatial Dimensions of Critical Infrastructure and Emergency Response : No 1 - Infrastructure Interdependencies , GITA Whitepaper, 2008.
Example of Functional Infrastructure Interdependencies Power outage in Kobe led to: n n n n n n n
Loss of water filtration plants & pump stations Fire ignitions from natural gas leaks and electricity sparks Malfunction of traffic signals Loss of satellite emergency communications Hospital shutdowns Loss of water and elevators in high-rises Lack of heating at emergency shelters
Urban fires in 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Source: Nojima and Kameda, 1996)
Active Learning Exercise n
Learning Objectives: Why and how GIS is used in CIP ?
n
Activity: Review “The Geospatial Dimensions of Critical Infrastructure and Emergency Response : No. 1 - Infrastructure Interdependencies”, GITA Whitepaper, 2008.
1.
2.
What is a geospatial interdependency? Flag geospatial interdependencies in list below: 1.
After Hurricane Katrina, the supply of crude oil and refined petroleum products was interrupted because of a loss of electric power at the pumping stations for three major transmission pipelines.
2.
When the twin towers collapsed, water mains servicing the WTC complex were ruptured by falling debris, which also severed 70,000 Verizon copper pairs and additional fiber optic-lines at 140 West Street.
3.
Water from the ruptured underground pipelines flooded train tunnels beneath the Hudson River, and the cable vault of the Verizon building at 140 West Street critical for block trades on the stock exchange.
4.
Ruptured WTC water mains and flooding of Verizon building were linked directly with the interruption of securities trading and the restoration of international financial stability.
Report states that mutual dependence and interconnectedness made possible by the information and communications infrastructure lead to the possibility that our infrastructures may be vulnerable in ways they never have been before. Which GIS operations may be used to identify geospatial interdependencies among critical infrastructure components such as transportation, energy, water, communications, etc. ?
Active Learning Exercise (Extra) n
Learning Objectives: Why and how GIS is used in CIP ?
n
Activity: Review “Location-Based Critical Infrastructure Interdependency , R. Abdalla et al., DRDC Report 2009-130, Defense R&D Canada, Toronto 2010.
1.
What is a geographic or spatial interdependency? (Section 3.2, pp. 5 & sc. 5.3.1, p. 13).
2.
What is location-based Critical Infrastructure Interdependency (LBCII)? List 6 steps of LBCII. List 3 components of LBCII. (Section 4, pp. 8-11).
3.
List a few GIS analytical tools used in the Vancouver case study in Section 5.3. Recall GIS Analytic tools include measurements, search, location analysis, terrain analysis, flow analysis, spatial patterns, etc.
Outline Motivation Ø Basics of GIS Ø How can GIS help CIP ? Ø
Critical Infrastructure Ø Role of GIS in CIP Ø
Ø
Next
Disasters •
Natural – Flood, Tsunami, Winter Storm, Thunderstorm, Tornado, Hurricane – Earthquake, Volcano, Landslide, Fire or Wildfire, Heat
•
Man-made, Technological – Terrorism, Nuclear Power Plant Emergency – Dam Failure, Chemical Emergencies, Hazardous Material
Disaster Resilience •
Resilience – Survival through natural & man-made disasters – Needs never exceed resources & ability to respond – Physical, Emotional, Relationship and Spiritual
•
Disaster life-cycle phases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
• •
Risk Assessment Risk Reduction & Mitigation Prevention & Preparedness Response Recovery
Disaster Resilience for critical infrastructure Critical infrastructure for Disaster Resilience
1. Risk Assessment: Risk Maps
2. Risk Reduction: Map & Protect Critical Assets
Chemical Factory
Government Center Hospital
Telephone Switching Farm Chemicals
Theatre
2. Risk Reduction: Perimeter Management
3. Prevention & Preparedness n
Delay an adversary from gaining access to critical infrastructure is paramount n such as Pumping Stations , Substations, Regulator Stations, Switching Centers
n
Equipment or technology to delay entry or access is based on n
n
its spatial relationship to the critical facility or infrastructure
GIS uses include: n n n n
Perimeter Management Barrier Management Patrol route planning Persistence Surveillance
3. Preparedness: Modeling Scenarios • GIS for Scenario based planning • Specify incident location • Map impact footprint using a model, e.g., plume simulation • Assess vulnerable population using demographic maps • Plan response, e.g., evacuation routes or shelter in place • …
Oil Refinery Scenario
Reservoir Dam Scenario
4. Response: Situation Awareness OBJECTIVES n n n q
Real-time situation awareness Where are affected people? Which roads and sites are usable? Structural health and performance, …
GIS Technologies q
q q q q
Field deployable in an ad-hoc environment q Flood q Partial Infrastructure loss (e.g. electricity, cell towers, Internet, …) Remote sensing: air, satellite, … VGI, e.g. OpenStreetMap Citizens as sensors, e.g. Tweets In-situ sensing q Reestablish within 12-24 hours q Despite poor infrastructure
5. Recovery n
Map recovery sites and hazards. n
n
Ex. World Trade Center
Ex. Electric Grid Recovery n n
n n
Customer Reliability Emergency Vehicle Dispatch and Tracking System Restoration Monitoring Damage Assessment
Active Learning Exercise n
Learning Objectives n
n
Why and how GIS is used in Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)?
Activity: Review: M. Kulawiak et al, Geographical Information System for Analysis of Critical Infrastructures and their Hazards due to Terrorism, Man-Originated Catastrophes and Natural Disasters for the City of Gdansk , in Information Fusion and Geographic Information Systems (Ed. V.V. Popovich et al.).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name two GIS layers used in this case study. Name two kinds of GIS analysis used in this case study. Did the case study address the issue of interoperability across data sources? Did it address the issue of data accuracy? Is their system capable of addressing multiple incident?
Outline Motivation Ø Basics of GIS Ø How can GIS help CIP ? Ø Case Study Ø Next Ø
Scenario- Nuclear Power Plant Accident Nuclear Power Plants in Minnesota
Twin Cities
86
Buffer Zone (10-miles) Around a Nuclear Power Plant Monticello Power Plant Affected Cities Evacuation Destination
U of M
87
A Scenario: Monticello Emergency Planning Zone and Population Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) is a 10-mile radius around the plant divided into sub areas.
Monticello EPZ Subarea Population 2 4,675 5N 3,994 5E 9,645 5S 6,749 5W 2,236 10N 391 10E 1,785 10SE 1,390 10S 4,616 10SW 3,408 10W 2,354 10NW 707
Total
41,950
Data source: Minnesota DPS & DHS Web site: http://www.dps.state.mn.us http://www.dhs.state.mn.us
88
Evacuation Routes
Monticello Evacuation Destination Power Plant
Estimate EPZ evacuation time: Summer/Winter (good weather): 3 hours, 30 minutes Winter (adverse weather): 5 hours, 40 minutes 89
Twin Cities
Scenarios for Metro Evacuation Scenario
Evacuation Zone
Possible Event Locations
Evacuation Population
Evacuation Destination
Nuclear Detonation – 10-Kiloton Improvised Nuclear Device
Large (50 m.)
Entire Metro
Over 2 million.
Out of Evac. Zone
Chemical Attack – Blister Agent
Medium (2-5 m.)
CBD (Mpls, St. Paul)
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
Chemical Attack – Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Medium (2-5 m.)
Refinery (Newport)
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
Chemical Attack – Nerve Agent
Medium (2-5 m.)
CBD (Mpls, St. Paul)
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
Chemical Attack – Chlorine Tank Explosion
Medium (2-5 m.)
Rail yards
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
Radiological Attack – Radiological Dispersal Devices
Medium (2-5 m.)
CBD (Mpls, St. Paul)
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
Explosives Attack – Improvised Explosive Device
Small (1-2 m.)
Mall of America, U of M sports event
TBD
Out of Evac. Zone
90
Evacutation Route Planning
only in old plan Only in new plan In both plans
Outline Motivation Ø Basics of GIS Ø How can GIS help CIP ? Ø Case Study Ø Next Ø
Ø Ø
geospatial.umn.edu Csci 5715: Spatial Computing (Fall 2014)
Looking Ahead n
Csci 5715: From GPS and Google Earth to Spatial Computing n
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Fall 2018 (9/4-12/12): Mondays 1115am-1230pm, 202, Armory Bldg
Topics: Positioning, Remote Sensing, Spatial Statistics and Data Mining, Spatial Databases (SQL3/OGIS), data-structures (e.g., R-tree, Vornoi diagram), algorithms (e.g., routing), Geo-visualization (e.g., cartography).
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Recent Syllabus: http://www.spatial.cs.umn.edu/Courses/Fall17/5715/
Spatial Resources at UMN n
Provides training on spatial tools and data-sets
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Recent Workshops:
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Mapping 101: Introduction to Spatial Analysis using ArcGIS Online
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Desktop GIS 101: Analyzing Data and Creating Maps
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SQL 101: Spatial Data Revealed
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Imagery 101: Discovering Commercial Satellite Imagery with DigitalGlobe Basemap
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LiDAR 101: Basics of Using LiDAR Data
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Cartography 101: Designing Appealing Maps
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Esri Virtual Campus
Details: https://uspatial.umn.edu/
