DESIGN OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
DESIGN OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS WEF Manual of Practice No. 8 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 76 Fifth Edition Prepared by the Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force of the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Water Environment Research, WEF, and WEFTEC are registered trademarks of the Water Environment Federation. American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, Environmental and Water Resources Institute, and EWRI are registered trademarks of the American Society of Civil Engineers. This book is printed on acid-free paper. The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognized engineering principles and practices and is for general information only. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. The contents of this publication are not intended to be a standard of the Water Environment Federation (WEF) or the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)/Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WEF or ASCE/EWRI. WEF and ASCE/EWRI make no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability. Anyone using this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Prepared by Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force of the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute Terry L. Krause, P.E., BCEE, Chair Roderick D. Reardon, Jr., P.E., BCEE, Volume 1 Leader Albert B. Pincince, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Volume 2 Leader Thomas W. Sigmund, P.E., Volume 3 Leader Solomon Abel, P.E. Kenneth N. Abraham, P.E., P. Eng. Mohammad M. Abu-Orf Orris E. Albertson Charles M. Alix, P.E. George P. Anipsitakis, Ph.D., P.E. Richard G. Atoulikian, PMP, P.E. David M. Bagley, Ph.D., P.E. Katherine Bangs Michael W. Barnett, Ph.D. Britt D. Bassett, P.E., BCEE Somnath Basu, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Laura B. Baumberger, P.E. Robert Beggs, Ph.D., P.E. Mario Benisch Jeff Berk, P.E. Vanessa Bertollini George Bevington Katya Bilyk, P.E. Paul A. Bizier, P.E., BCEE Linda Blankenship, P.E., BCEE David Bloxom, P.E. Joshua Philip Boltz, Ph.D., P.E. Brian L. Book, P.E. Robert C. Borneman, P.E., BCEE Lucas Botero Edward Boyajian Ken Brischke
Jeanette Brown, P.E., DEE, D. WRE Scott L. Buecker, P.E. Marie Sedran Burbano, Ph.D., P.E. Ron Burdick Misti Burkman, P.E. Peter Burrowes Onder Caliskaner, Ph.D., P.E. Alan James Callier Anne M. Carayon, P.E. Scott Carr Leonard W. Casson, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Peter V. Cavagnaro, P.E., BCEE Richard H. Cisterna, P.E. James H. Clark, P.E. Patrick E. Clifford Patrick F. Coleman, Ph.D., P. Eng. Anne Conklin Timothy A. Constantine Kevin D. Conway, P.E. Rhodes R. Copithorn John B. Copp, Ph.D. George V. Crawford, P. Eng. Ronald W. Crites, P.E. Brent E. Crowther, P.E. Ky Dangtran, Ph.D. Michael E. Davis, Ph.D. Chris DeBarbadillo, P.E. Carlos De Leon
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Michael J. Dempsey Steven K. Dentel, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Laxman Mani Devkota, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE Petros Dimitriou-Christidis, Ph.D., P.E. Paul A. Dombrowski Alexandra Doody, LEED AP Brian Dooley Kimberly R. Drake, RLA Ronald Droste Derya Dursun, Ph.D. Brian Dyson, Ph.D. Chris Easter Robert W. Emerick, Ph.D., P.E. Murali Erat Angela S. Essner, P.E. Adam Evans, P.E. Kristin Evans, Ph.D., P.E. Richard Finger Alvin C. Firmin, P.E., BCEE Kari Beth Fitzmorris, Sc.D. James D. Fitzpatrick Amanda L. Fox Val S. Frenkel, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE Morgan R. Gagliano James Gallovich, P.E. M. Truett Garrett, Jr., Sc.D., P.E. Trevor Ghylin Boris Ginzburg Mikel E. Goldblatt Albert W. Goodman, P.E. David C. Hagan, P.E. John Harrison, P.E. Brian Hemphill, P.E. Gene Heyer, P.E., PMP Webster Hoener Michael Hribljan, M.Eng., P. Eng Sarah Hubbell
Gary L. Hunter, P.E. Sidney Innerebner, Ph.D., P.E. Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Bruce R. Johnson, P.E., BCEE Gary R. Johnson, P.E., BCEE Terry L. Johnson, Ph.D., P.E. John C. Kabouris, Ph.D., P.E. Amit Kaldate, Ph.D. Brian M. Karmasin Dimitri Katehis Ishin Kaya, P. Eng. Raymond J. Kearney, P.E., BCEE Justyna Kempa-Teper, Ph.D., P. Eng. Philip C. Kennedy, AICP Wayne L. Kerns Carl M. Koch, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE John E. Koch, P.E., BCEE Tom A. Kraemer, P.E. Thomas E. Kunetz, P.E. May Kyi Peter LaMontagne Cory Lancaster Damon Lau Nathan Lester Scott D. Levesque, P.E. Jian Li, Ph.D., P. Eng., P.E. Helen X. Littleton Terry J. Logan, Ph.D. Frank Loge, Ph.D. Carlos Lopez Becky J. Luna, P.E. Venkatram Mahendraker, Ph.D., P. Eng. Arthur P. Malm, P.E. Chris Marlowe, CIH, CSP F. Jason Martin, P.E. Russell Mau, Ph.D., P.E. William C. McConnell John H. McGettigan, P.E., LEED AP
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Charles M. McGinley, P.E. James P. McQuarrie, P.E. Jon H. Meyer Indra N. Mitra, Ph.D., P.E. Greg Moen, P.E. Eberhard Morgenroth, Ph.D. Audra N. Morse Erin Mosley, P.E. Lynne H. Moss Christopher Muller, Ph.D. Naoko Munakata Sudhir N. Murthy J. B. Neethling, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Robert Nerenberg, Ph.D., P.E. James J. Newton, P.E., BCEE John W. Norton, Jr., Ph.D., LEED AP David W. Oerke, P.E. Carroll J. Oliva Rebecca Overacre Lokesh Padhye Tim Page-Bottorff Sanath Bandara Palipana, B.E., G. Dip., M. Env. Eng. Sc., C.P. Eng. Sanjay Patel Vikram M. Pattarkine, Ph.D. Jeff Peeters, M. Eng., P. Eng. Marie-Laure Pellegrin, Ph.D. Ana J. Pena-Tijerina, Ph.D., P.E. Chris J. Peot Robert E. Pepperman Matt Peyton Heather M. Phillips, P.E. Scott D. Phipps Richard J. Pope, P.E., BCEE Benjamin T. Porter, P.E. Raymond C. Porter Russell Porter, P.E. Douglas Prentiss
Chris Quigley, Ph.D., P.E. Douglas L. Ralston Tanja Rauch-Williams, Ph.D., P.E. Joseph C. Reichenberger, P.E., BCEE Joel C. Rife, P.E. Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda, Ph.D. Frank Rogalla James M. Rowan, P.E. A. Robert Rubin, Ph.D. Andrew Salveson, P.E. Julian Sandino, P.E., Ph.D. Hari Santha Patricia A. Scanlan Perry L. Schafer, P.E., BCEE James W. Schettler, P.E. Harold E. Schmidt, Jr., P.E., BCEE Kenneth Schnaars Ralph B. “Rusty” Schroedel, Jr., P.E., BCEE Paul J. Schuler Robert J. Scott Dipankar Sen, Ph.D. Rick Shanley Andrew R. Shaw Gary Shimp Ronald R. Skabo, P.E. Marsha Slaughter, P.E. Mark M. Smith, P.E. Vic Smith, P.E., LEED AP Henri Spanjers Julia Spicher Tom Spooren George Sprouse, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Robert B. Stallings Roger V. Stephenson, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Tracy Stigers Kendra D. Sveum Steven Swanback Jay L. Swift, P.E.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Imre Takacs Stephen Tarallo Rudy J. Tekippe, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE David Terrill, P.E. Daniel L. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Peter J. H. Thomson, P.E. Andrea Turriciano, P.E. Dave Ubert Chip Ullstad, P.E., BCEE Art K. Umble, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE K. C. Upendrakumar, P.E. Don Vandertulip, P.E. Ifetayo Venner, P.E. Miguel Vera
Cindy Wallis-Lage Matthew Ward, P.E. Thomas E. Weiland, P.E. James E. Welp Michael J. Whalley, M. Eng., P. Eng. Jane W. Wheeler G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D. Drury Denver Whitlock Todd O. Williams, P.E., BCEE Hannah T. Wilner Michael J. Wilson, P.E. Philip C. Y. Wong David W. York, Ph.D., P.E. Thor A. Young, P.E., BCEE
Under the Direction of the Municipal Subcommittee of the Technical Practice Committee 2009 Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA http://www.wef.org
American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191-4400 USA http://www.asce.org
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Manuals of Practice of the Water Environment Federation The WEF Technical Practice Committee (formerly the Committee on Sewage and Industrial Wastes Practice of the Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations) was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11, 1941. The primary function of the Committee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcommittees, special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the Federation. These publications are intended to provide background information through a review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and experience have shown to be functional and practical. Water Environment Federation Technical Practice Committee Control Group R. Fernandez, Chair J. A. Brown, Vice-Chair B. G. Jones, Past Chair A. Babatola L. W. Casson K. D. Conway V. D’Amato A. Ekster S. Innerebner R. C. Johnson S. Moisio T. Page-Bottorff S. Passaro R. C. Porter E. P. Rothstein A. T. Sandy A. Tyagi A. K. Umble T. O. Williams
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982) A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than findings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers. Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expresses only one person’s observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specific topic. As often as practicable, the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood. February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish a series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Volume 1: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10
Planning and Configuration of Wastewater Treatment Plants Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Overall Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Principles of Integrated Facility Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Site Selection and Plant Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Sustainability and Energy Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Plant Hydraulics and Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 Odor Control and Air Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 Occupational Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Materials of Construction and Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Volume 2: Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19
Liquid Treatment Processes Preliminary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 Primary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Biofilm Reactor Technology and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 Integrated Biological Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1 Physical and Chemical Processes for Advanced Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . 16-1 Sidestream Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1 Natural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1 Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
Volume 3: Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27
Solids Processing and Management Introduction to Solids Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1 Solids Storage and Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1 Chemical Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1 Solids Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1 Dewatering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1 Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1 Thermal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1 Use and Disposal of Residuals and Biosolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 xi Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Preface This manual, updated from the 4th edition, continues its goal to be one of the principal references of contemporary practice for the design of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The manual was written for design professionals familiar with wastewater treatment concepts, the design process, and the regulatory basis of water pollution control. It is not intended to be a primer for the inexperienced or the generalist. The manual is intended to reflect current plant design practices of wastewater engineering professionals, augmented by performance information from operating facilities. The design approaches and practices presented in the manual reflect the experiences of more than 300 authors and reviewers from around the world. This three-volume manual consists of 27 chapters, with each chapter focusing on a particular subject or treatment objective. The successful design of a municipal WWTP is based on consideration of each unit process and the upstream and downstream effects of that unit’s place and performance in the overall scheme of the treatment works. The chapters that compose Volume 1 generally cover design concepts and principles that apply to the overall WWTP. Volume 2 contains those chapters that discuss liquid-train-treatment operations or processes. Volume 3 contains the chapters that deal with the management of solids generated during wastewater treatment. In the 11 years since the publication of the 4th edition of this manual, key technical advances in wastewater treatment have included the following: • Membrane bioreactors replaced conventional secondary treatment processes in a smaller footprint; • Advancements within integrated fixed-film/activated sludge (IFAS) systems and moving-bed biological-reactors systems; • Disinfection alternatives to chlorine; • Biotrickling filtration for odor control; • Increased use of ballasted flocculation; • Sidestream nutrient removal to reduce the loading on the main nutrient-removal process; and • Use and application of modeling wastewater treatment processes for the basis of design and evaluations of alternatives. In response to these advancements, this edition includes some significant changes from the 4th edition. As with prior editions, technologies that are no longer xiii Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
xiv
Preface considered current industry practice have been deleted, such as vacuum filters for sludge dewatering. While not intended to be all-inclusive, the following list describes some of the other pertinent processes and newer processes or concepts: • • • • • • • • •
Concept of sustainability, Energy management, Odor control and air emissions, Chemically assisted/ballast flocculation clarification, Membrane bioreactors, IFAS processes, Enhanced nutrient-control systems, Sidestream treatment, and Approaches to minimizing biosolids production.
Additionally, the focus of the manual has been sharpened. Like earlier editions, this manual presents current design guidelines and practices of municipal wastewater engineering professionals. Design examples also are provided, in some instances, to show how the guidelines and practice can be applied. However, information on process fundamentals, case histories, operations, and other related topics is covered to a lesser extent than in the previous edition. Readers are referred to other publications for information on those topics. This 5th edition of this manual was produced under the direction of Terry L. Krause, P.E., BCEE, Chair; Roderick D. Reardon, Jr., P.E., BCEE, Volume 1 Leader; Albert B. Pincince, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Volume 2 Leader; and Thomas W. Sigmund, P.E., Volume 3 Leader. Principal authors of the publication are: Chapter 1
Terry L. Krause, P.E., BCEE Hannah T. Wilner
Chapter 2
Julian Sandino, P.E., Ph.D. Hannah T. Wilner Rachel Carlson Albert W. Goodman, P.E. Indra N. Mitra, Ph.D., P.E. Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda, Ph.D. Chip Ullstad, P.E., BCEE Don Vandertulip, P.E.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Preface Drury Denver Whitlock Michael J. Wilson, P.E. Chapter 3
Alvin C. Firmin, P.E., BCEE William C. McConnell Orris E. Albertson Kimberly R. Drake, RLA Brian M. Karmasin Cory Lancaster
Chapter 4
Jane W. Wheeler Philip C. Kennedy, AICP Kimberly R. Drake, RLA Sanath Bandara Palipana, B.E., G. Dip., M. Env. Eng. Sc., C.P. Eng.
Chapter 5
Ralph B. “Rusty” Schroedel, Jr., P.E., BCEE George V. Crawford, P. Eng. Peter V. Cavagnaro, P.E., BCEE Patrick E. Clifford Michael E. Davis, Ph.D. Arthur P. Malm, P.E. John H. McGettigan, P.E., LEED AP Erin Mosley, P.E. John W. Norton, Jr., Ph.D., LEED AP Don Vandertulip, P.E.
Chapter 6
Joseph C. Reichenberger, P.E., BCEE Katherine Bangs James Gallovich, P.E. David Terrill, P.E.
Chapter 7
Raymond C. Porter Charles M. Alix, P.E. Petros Dimitriou-Christidis, Ph.D., P.E. Chris Easter
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Preface Charles M. McGinley, P.E. Richard J. Pope, P.E., BCEE Chris Quigley, Ph.D., P.E. Mark M. Smith, P.E. Tom Spooren Matthew Ward, P.E. Chapter 8
Tim Page-Bottorff Chris Marlowe, CIH, CSP Douglas Prentiss
Chapter 9
Dave Ubert David Bloxom, P.E. Vic Smith, P.E., LEED AP Hannah T. Wilner
Chapter 10
Ronald R. Skabo, P.E. Wayne L. Kerns Misti Burkman, P.E. Damon Lau Robert J. Scott
Chapter 11
Joel C. Rife, P.E. Lucas Botero
Chapter 12
Thomas E. Weiland, P.E. Anne M. Carayon, P.E.
Chapter 13
Joshua Philip Boltz, Ph.D., P.E. Eberhard Morgenroth, Ph.D. Chris DeBarbadillo, P.E. Michael J. Dempsey Trevor Ghylin John Harrison, P.E. James P. McQuarrie, P.E. Robert Nerenberg, Ph.D., P.E.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Preface Chapter 14
Roger V. Stephenson, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Rudy J. Tekippe, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Patrick F. Coleman, Ph.D., P. Eng. Anne Conklin George V. Crawford, P. Eng. Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Bruce R. Johnson, P.E., BCEE Roderick D. Reardon, Jr., P.E., BCEE George Sprouse, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE
Chapter 15
Art K. Umble, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Amanda L. Fox Kenneth N. Abraham, P.E., P. Eng. Dipankar Sen, Ph.D.
Chapter 16
Val S. Frenkel, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE Onder Caliskaner, Ph.D., P.E.
Chapter 17
Dimitri Katehis Cindy Wallis-Lage Timothy A. Constantine Heather M. Phillips, P.E.
Chapter 18
Ronald W. Crites Robert Beggs, Ph.D., P.E. Brian L. Book, P.E. Kristin Evans, Ph.D., P.E.
Chapter 19
Jay L. Swift, P.E. Russell Porter, P.E. Somnath Basu, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Leonard W. Casson, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Robert W. Emerick, Ph.D., P.E. Gary L. Hunter, P.E. Frank Loge, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Preface Lokesh Padhye Andrew Salveson, P.E. Justyna Kempa-Teper, Ph.D., P. Eng. Andrea Turriciano, P.E. G. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D. Chapter 20
Jeanette Brown, P.E., DEE, D. WRE
Chapter 21
Paul A. Bizier, P.E., BCEE George P. Anipsitakis, Ph.D., P.E.
Chapter 22
Harold E. Schmidt, Jr., P.E., BCEE Derya Dursun, Ph.D. Mikel E. Goldblatt
Chapter 23
Jeff Berk, P.E. Benjamin T. Porter, P.E. May Kyi Brian Hemphill, P.E. Adam Evans, P.E. Greg Moen, P.E.
Chapter 24
Carl M. Koch, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Angela S. Essner, P.E. Laura B. Baumberger, P.E. Morgan R. Gagliano David C. Hagan, P.E. John C. Kabouris, Ph.D., P.E. Peter LaMontagne Nathan Lester Rebecca Overacre Rick Shanley Julia Spicher Tracy Stigers Steven Swanback
Chapter 25
Sudhir N. Murthy Perry L. Schafer, P.E., BCEE
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Preface Charles M. Alix, P.E. Anne Conklin Kari Beth Fitzmorris, Sc.D. Terry J. Logan, Ph.D. Christopher Muller, Ph.D. Chris J. Peot James W. Schettler, P.E. Miguel Vera Todd O. Williams, P.E., BCEE Chapter 26
Peter Burrowes Ky Dangtran, Ph.D. Scott Carr Webster Hoener Raymond J. Kearney, P.E., BCEE James M. Rowan, P.E. Hari Santha James E. Welp
Chapter 27
Lynne H. Moss Alexandra Doody, LEED AP Tom A. Kraemer, P.E. Terry J. Logan, Ph.D. Robert E. Pepperman
Glossary
Kendra D. Sveum Matt Peyton
The following also contributed to the development of this manual: Murali Erat (Chapter 15), Sarah Hubble (Chapter 15), Vikram Pattarkine (Chapter 15), Frank Rogalla (Chapter 13), and Stephen Tarallo (Chapter 13). Authors’ and reviewers’ efforts were supported by the following organizations: AECOM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Alexandria, Virginia; and Sheboygan, Wisconsin Advanced Bioprocess Development, Ltd., Manchester, England Aqualia, Madrid, Spain Associated Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Preface Bassett Engineering, Inc., Montoursville, Pennsylvania Beaumont Cherry Valley Water District, Beaumont, California Binkley and Barfield, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Houston, Texas Black & Veatch, Los Angeles, California; Sacramento, California; Atlanta, Georgia; Gaithersburg, Maryland; Kansas City, Missouri; and Cincinnati, Ohio Brown and Caldwell, Davis, California; Rancho Cordova, California; Walnut Creek, California; Washington, D.C.; and Seattle, Washington Caboolture Shire Council, Caboolture, QLD Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Arizona; Walnut Creek, California; Broomfield, Colorado; Littleton, Colorado; Sarasota, Florida; Winter Park, Florida; Portland, Oregon; Dallas, Texas; and Seattle, Washington CDM, Phoenix, Arizona; Los Angeles, California; Maitland, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Louisville, Kentucky; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Kansas City, Missouri; Manchester, New Hampshire; Edison, New Jersey; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Providence, Rhode Island; Austin, Texas; Dallas, Texas; and San Antonio, Texas CH2M HILL, Englewood, Colorado; Tampa, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Boston, Massachusetts; Kansas City, Missouri; Henderson, Nevada; Parsippany, New Jersey; Knoxville, Tennessee; Austin, Texas; Salt Lake City, Utah; Chantilly, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Bellevue, Washington; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin CH2M Hill Canada, Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chastain-Skillman, Inc., Lakeland, Florida; and Orlando, Florida City of Missoula, Missoula, Montana City of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona City of Stamford, Stamford, Connecticut Consoer Townsend Envirodyne Engineers, Nashville, Tennessee County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Whittier, California Degremont Technologies – Infilco (Suez Environnement), Richmond, Virginia District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, D.C. DLT&V Systems Engineering, Oceanside, California Donohue and Associates, Chesterfield, Missouri Eco-logic Eng., Rocklin, California Eimco Water Technologies, Salt Lake City, Utah EnerTech Environmental, Inc., Los Angeles, California Entex Technologies, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Enviro Enterprises, Inc., La Barge, Wyoming Environmental Group Services, Baltimore, Maryland Environmental Operating Solutions, Inc., Bourne, Massachusetts Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Preface Forsgren Associates, Inc., Rexburg, Idaho Freese and Nichols, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas GE Water and Process Technologies, Oakville, Ontario, Canada; and Portland, Oregon Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Gloversville Johnstown Joint Wastewater Treatment Plant, Johnstown, New York Gray and Osborne, Seattle, Washington Greeley and Hansen, L.L.C., Phoenix, Arizona; Wilmington, Delaware; Tampa, Florida; Sarasota, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Gary, Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana; Landover, Maryland; Las Vegas, Nevada; New York City, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Richmond, Virginia; Roanoke, Virginia; and Springfield, Virginia Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District, Green Bay, Wisconsin Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., New York, New York; and Raleigh, North Carolina HDR Engineering, Inc., Folsom, California; Irvine, California; Riverside, California; Portland, Oregon; Dallas, Texas; Bellevue, Washington; and Burlington, Washington Herbert Rowland and Grubic, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia Johnson Controls, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, Palo Alto, California; Sacramento, California; and San Francisco, California Knowledge Automation Partners, Inc., Wellesley, Massachusetts Lake County Public Works, Libertyville, Illinois Lettinga Associates Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands Logan Environmental, Inc., Beaufort, South Carolina Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Columbus, Ohio; Wakefield, Massachusetts; and White Plains, New York Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MWH Americas, Inc., Arcadia, California; Denver, Colorado; Tampa, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Boston, Massachusetts; and Cleveland, Ohio MWH EMEA, Inc., Mechelen, Belgium Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Schaumburg, Illinois Nanyang Technological University, Singapore North Carolina State University Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
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Preface Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Short Elliott Hendrickson, Inc., Sheboygan, Wisconsin St. Croix Sensory, Inc., Lake Elmo, Minnesota Stantec Consulting Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada Stearns and Wheler, Bowie, Maryland Tetra Tech, Inc., Pasadena, California Total Safety Compliance, Mesa, Arizona Trinity River Authority of Texas, Arlington, Texas University of California, Davis, California University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware University of Girona, Girona, Spain University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming Westin Engineering, Elk Grove, California Woodard & Curran, Inc., Cheshire, Connecticut
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
